C++ Operator Overloading 

Operator overloading is achieved when we can change the way operators work for the user-defined data types like structures and objects. It is an example of compile time polymorphism.

Operator overloading is used to overload or redefine most of the operators available in C++.  For example, we can overload an operator ‘+’ in a class such as Number so that we can add two numbers by just using + symbol.

Advantage: Operator overloading is used to perform different operations on the same operand.

 

Syntax for Operator Overloading:

class class_name {
    .. .. 
    public:
       return_type operator symbol (argument_list) {
           // code statements
       } 
    .. .. 
};

Here in this syntax,

• return_type denotes the return type of the function.
• operator is a keyword.
• symbol is the operator that we want to overload. Such as: +, <, -, >, ++, etc.
• argument_list is the argument list passed to the function.

 

 

Example 1: Unary Operator

Below is an example demonstrating operator overloading concept using the unary operator “++” as prefix and postfix both.

operator_overload_unary.cpp

// operator overloading using unary operator ++
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Counter {
   private:
     int num;

   public:
     // Constructor to initialize num to 10
     Counter() : num(10) {}

     // Overload unary operator ++ when used as prefix
     void operator ++ () {
        ++num;
     }

     // Overload unary operator ++ when used as postfix
     void operator ++ (int) { //syntax for unary operators as postfix
        num++;
     }

     void print() {
        cout << "Count: " << num << endl;
     }
};

int main() {
   Counter obj;

   // Call the "void operator ++ (int)" function
   obj++;
   obj.print();

   // Call the "void operator ++ ()" function
   ++obj;
   obj.print();

   return 0;
}

Output:

Count: 11
Count: 12

 

 

Example 2: Binary Operator

Below is an example demonstrating operator overloading concept using binary operator “+”  to add two complex numbers.

operator_overload_binary.cpp

// operator overloading using binary operator +
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class Complex {
   private:
     double real, imaginary;

   public:
     // Constructor to initialize real and imaginary parts to 0.0
     Complex() : real(0.0), imaginary(0.0) {}

     void input() {
        cout << "Enter real and imaginary parts separately: ";
        cin >> real;
        cin >> imaginary;
     }

     // Overload the + operator
     Complex operator + (Complex const &obj) { 
        // using 'const' prevents the operator function from modifying the object
        // using '&obj' avoids creating duplicate object by referencing the object
        Complex temp;
        temp.real = real + obj.real;
        temp.imaginary = imaginary + obj.imaginary;
        return temp;
     }

     void display() {
        if (imaginary < 0)
          cout << "Resulting Complex number: " << real << imaginary << "i";
        else
          cout << "Resulting Complex number: " << real << "+" << imaginary << "i";
     }
};

int main() {
   // create the Complex class objects
   Complex complex1, complex2, result;

   cout << "Enter first complex number: " << endl;
   complex1.input();

   cout << "Enter second complex number: " << endl;
   complex2.input();

   // complex1 calls the operator function
   // complex2 is passed as an argument to the function
   result = complex1 + complex2;

   // display the resulting complex number
   result.display();

   return 0;
}

Output:

Enter first complex number:
Enter real and imaginary parts separately: 15 3
Enter second complex number:
Enter real and imaginary parts separately: 5 -8
Resulting Complex number: 20-5i

 

List of operators that can be overloaded are mentioned below −

+	–	*	/	%	^
&	|	~	!	,	=
<	>	<=	>=	++	—
<<	>>	==	!=	&&	||
+=	-=	/=	%=	^=	&=
|=	*=	<<=	>>=	[]	()
->	->*	new	new []	delete	delete []

 

List of operators that can not be overloaded are also mentioned below −

• scope resolution (::)
• member selector (.)
• indirection (*)
• ternary operator (?:)

NOTE: Two operators = and & are by default overloaded in C++ language.